273 research outputs found
Ward Identities for the 2PI effective action in QED
We study the issue of symmetries and associated Ward-like identities in the
context of two-particle-irreducible (2PI) functional techniques for abelian
gauge theories. In the 2PI framework, the -point proper vertices of the
theory can be obtained in various different ways which, although equivalent in
the exact theory, differ in general at finite approximation order. We derive
generalized (2PI) Ward identities for these various -point functions and
show that such identities are exactly satisfied at any approximation order in
2PI QED. In particular, we show that 2PI-resummed vertex functions, i.e.
field-derivatives of the so-called 2PI-resummed effective action, exactly
satisfy standard Ward identities. We identify another set of -point
functions in the 2PI framework which exactly satisfy the standard Ward
identities at any approximation order. These are obtained as field-derivatives
of the two-point function \bcG^{-1}[\phi], which defines the extremum of the
2PI effective action. We point out that the latter is not constrained by the
underlying symmetry. As a consequence, the well-known fact that the
corresponding gauge-field polarization tensor is not transverse in momentum
space for generic approximations does not constitute a violation of (2PI) Ward
identities. More generally, our analysis demonstrates that approximation
schemes based on 2PI functional techniques respect all the Ward identities
associated with the underlying abelian gauge symmetry. Our results apply to
arbitrary linearly realized global symmetries as well.Comment: 33 pages, 2 figure
Toxoplasma gondii-positive human sera recognise intracellular tachyzoites and bradyzoites with diverse patterns of immunoreactivity
Antibody detection assays have long been the first line test to confirm infection with the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. However, challenges exist with serological diagnosis, especially distinguishing between acute, latent and reactivation disease states. The sensitivity and specificity of serological tests might be improved by testing for antibodies against parasite antigens other than those typically found on the parasite surface during the acute stage. To this end, we analysed the reactivity profile of human sera, identified as positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG in traditional assays, by indirect immunofluorescence reactivity to acute stage intracellular tachyzoites and in vitro-induced latent stage bradyzoites. The majority of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG positive sera recognised both intracellularly replicating tachyzoites and in vitro-induced bradyzoites with varying patterns of immune-reactivity. Furthermore, anti-bradyzoite antibodies were not detected in sera that were IgM-positive/IgG-negative. These results demonstrate that anti-Toxoplasma gondii-positive sera may contain antibodies to a variety of antigens in addition to those traditionally used in serological tests, and suggest the need for further investigations into the utility of anti-bradyzoite-specific antibodies to aid in diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Equilibration in phi^4 theory in 3+1 dimensions
The process of equilibration in phi^4 theory is investigated for a
homogeneous system in 3+1 dimensions and a variety of out-of-equilibrium
initial conditions, both in the symmetric and broken phase, by means of the 2PI
effective action. Two Phi-derivable approximations including scattering effects
are used: the two-loop and the ``basketball'', the latter corresponding to the
truncation of the 2PI effective action at O(lambda^2). The approach to
equilibrium, as well as the kinetic and chemical equilibration is investigated.Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, uses axodraw, minor corrections adde
Urban climate multi-scale modelling in Bilbao (Spain): a review
Despite development of cities are including more sustainable aspects (e.g. reduction of energy consumption), urban climate still
needs to be consolidated as an important variable in urban planning. In this sense, the analysis of urban climate requires a multiscale
approach. This work presents a review of the results of the analysis of urban climate in Bilbao (Spain). In the meso-scale,
an Urban Climate Map (UC-Map) is developed using a method based on GIS calculations, specific climatic measurements and
urban climate expert knowledge. All the information is grouped in 5 information layers (building volume, building surface
fraction, urban green areas, ventilation paths and slopes). The final UC-Map presents areas with relative homogeneous climate
variables (i.e. climatopes) that are classified in terms of thermal comfort. Urban planning recommendations are defined. In the
micro-scale, results extracted from ENVI-met model in four urban spaces show the influence in thermal comfort levels of the
interaction of regional climate conditions with the urban development characteristics of each area and the location inside the
whole city. In both spatial scales, climate modelling should be accompanied by specific measurement campaigns to validate
results.Basque Science, Technology and Innovation Plan under the Project K-Egokitzen
European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under, Project RAMSES - Reconciling Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development for Citie
2PI Effective Action and Evolution Equations of N = 4 super Yang-Mills
We employ nPI effective action techniques to study N = 4 super Yang-Mills,
and write down the 2PI effective action of the theory. We also supply the
evolution equations of two-point correlators within the theory.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures. Figure 2 replaced, approximation scheme
clarified, references adde
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